Carbohydrate short basic summary

general introduction on carbohydrate

Carbohydrate are the most important compound which include sugar such as glucose, Fructose and sucrose as well as non sugar Such as starch and cellulose. these are polyhydroxy aldehyde, polyhydroxy Ketone or a compound that can be hydrolysed to them. crystalline substance with sweet taste and soluble in water are called Sugars and substance which are not sweet and insoluble at least soluble in water is called non sugar. carbohydrates are produced in green plants by the process of photosynthesis. it is one of the basic things which are needed by our body.

Basically carbohydrate provide all three basic necessities of life such as food clothes and shelter. chemically carbohydrate content Mainly two functional group, carbonyl group(aldehydeand ketone)and a number of hydroxyl group. accordingly carbohydrates are defined as polyhydroxy aldehyde or polyhydroxy ketone or compound that can be hydrolysed to either of them. carbohydrate at optical active containing more than one asymmetric carbon atom.

fig.structure of carbohydrate.

classification of carbohydrates.

carbohydrate are broadly classified into the following types.

a) monosaccharide

these are the simplest form of the carbohydrate which cannot be further hydrolysed into the simpler unit. the content three, four, five, or six carbon atom and are known as triose,tetrose, pentose or hexose. depending upon whether they contain an aldehyde or Ketone group they may be classified into Aldose and ketose.for example A five carbon aldehyde group called Aldo pentose and 6 carbon mono oxide containing keto group it's called ketohexose.example of monosaccharide.Aldotetrose, ketotetrose, Aldopentose , ketopentose, Aldohexose , ketohexose.

b) oligosaccharides.

oligosaccharide can be hydrolysed into different number of monosaccharide molecule. depending upon the number of monosaccharide that are obtained from them on hydrolysis. they may be called as di-, tri- or tetra-saccharide.

I) Disaccharide: disaccharide give two monosaccharide unit on hydrolysis. it is made by the combination of two monosaccharide. example sucrose

II) Trisaccharide: this givethree monosaccharide unit on hydrolysis.

III) polysaccharide: these are high molecular weight carbohydrate. it gives a large number of monosaccharide unit on hydrolysis .example on starch cellulose